Future of Hotel Marketing Strategy

Future of Hotel Marketing Strategy

Executive summary

Hotel marketing is moving from a channel-centric discipline to a data-, product-, and operating-model discipline. The next three years will reward hotel companies that can do four things at once: own more first-party demand, become discoverable in AI-mediated search and recommendation environments, integrate pricing with marketing and sales decisions, and translate brand promise into measurable on-property experiences. The macro backdrop is supportive but more demanding than the immediate rebound period: international tourism recovered to roughly pre-pandemic volumes in 2024, while hotel operators in mature markets are still contending with elevated operating costs and margin pressure. In the U.S., AHLA’s 2026 outlook described the sector as resilient, but noted GOPPAR remained around 90% of 2019 levels because expenses stayed high.

The most important strategic shift is that “future hotel marketing” is no longer just media buying and creative. It is an integrated commercial system spanning loyalty, content, CRM, consent, distribution, pricing, revenue management, and service design. That is why the strongest post-2023 case studies are not isolated ads; they are system-level interventions. IHG used Google Cloud and Gemini models to build a generative-AI travel planner in its app; Marriott tested generative-AI search on Homes & Villas and then moved to deploy natural-language search more broadly; Radisson used Google Cloud AI to personalize ads at scale, reporting a 50% productivity lift for ad teams and more than 20% revenue growth from AI-powered campaigns; Wyndham used Salesforce Data Cloud to unify reservation, loyalty, and CRM data and improved service productivity and revenue per agent.

The implication for marketers is straightforward. Over the short term, the highest-confidence investments are first-party data infrastructure, direct-booking optimization, metasearch and Google Hotel Ads execution, CRM/loyalty orchestration, messaging automation, and revenue-management integration. Over the medium term, hotels should build AI-ready content and structured product data, expand creator/UGC programs, digitalize meetings and group sales, and connect mobile/contactless experiences to loyalty and upsell flows. Over the long term, the likely winners will be brands that can operate a unified commercial stack in which pricing, segmentation, creative variation, channel mix, and service delivery are coordinated in near real time. Blockchain and some live-commerce formats remain watchlist items rather than core priorities for most operators because public hotel proof points remain sparse and mixed.

For hotel marketers, the clearest recommendation is to stop treating “digital marketing,” “revenue management,” “distribution,” and “guest experience” as separate silos. The future strategy is commercial convergence.

Assumptions and market baseline

This report assumes no specific geography, segment, or ownership model unless stated otherwise. Recommendations are designed to be portable across full-service, upscale, resort, and selected-service hotels, but implementation complexity differs sharply by scale. Chain-wide programs with mature loyalty ecosystems can move faster on CDPs, AI search, and cross-property personalization than a single independent hotel; small independents, however, can often deploy messaging automation, creator partnerships, metasearch, and dynamic pricing faster because they face less organizational complexity. Public implementation budgets are often undisclosed, so the budget ranges below are planning estimates rather than sourced vendor price lists.

For budgeting, this report uses indicative effort bands. Low usually means under about $50,000 for a single-property pilot or narrowly scoped campaign. Medium means roughly $50,000 to $250,000 for a property or small-group deployment. High means roughly $250,000 to $1 million for a multi-property transformation. Very high means $1 million-plus for enterprise-wide data, loyalty, or platform modernization. For global chains, actual outlays can be materially higher.

The post-2023 baseline is important. Demand has normalized enough that hoteliers can no longer rely on rebound tailwinds alone. UN Tourism reported that international tourist arrivals reached about 1.4 billion in 2024, or 99% of pre-pandemic levels, with export revenues from tourism at record levels. At the same time, AHLA and Accenture argued in early 2025 that operators faced a more complex demand picture shaped by experience-led travel, sustainability expectations, sports and entertainment demand spikes, mounting cost pressure, and the rise of generative AI. D-EDGE’s 2024 distribution report added that digital channels accounted for about 60% of global hotel distribution revenue on average, underscoring how much of hotel demand generation and conversion is now mediated online.

The competitive battleground is therefore shifting in three ways simultaneously. First, hotels are still fighting the long-running direct-versus-OTA battle; major chains remain motivated to reduce OTA commission leakage, and recent reporting put typical OTA commission rates in the 15%–25% range for many hotels. Second, discovery itself is fragmenting across Google, Maps, metasearch, short-form video, creator ecosystems, messaging, and AI assistants. Third, consumer expectations are converging with retail and platform norms: instant answers, one-tap mobile access, high-quality visual content, tailored offers, and frictionless service.

Future demand generation and brand strategy

Current state after 2023. The central post-2023 trend is not simply “more digital.” It is a move from broad reach to higher-intent, more personalized, more measurable demand capture. Social media has become a major inspiration engine for travel planning, with Skift reporting that social platforms overtook official travel websites, review platforms, and traditional media as the most influential source of travel inspiration in its 2025 research. At the same time, Google’s hotel campaigns and Hotel Center tooling keep hotel inventory visible at the exact point of search intent, and travel-feed integrations are extending hotel rate and availability data into additional ad formats.

Emerging technologies. AI and machine learning are already moving from experimentation toward commercialization. H2c’s 2025 AI & Automation Study reported that 78% of hotel chains were already using AI and 89% planned to expand AI applications in the next 12–24 months, with chatbots the most common current use case. IHG’s 2024 Google Cloud announcement is one of the clearest guest-facing examples: a generative-AI travel planner in the IHG One Rewards app built on Vertex AI and Gemini. Marriott used generative AI on Homes & Villas to support natural-language search and reported 40,000-plus AI-powered searches, record search engagement, and a twofold increase in saved properties; Marriott then said in its 2026 earnings materials that it planned to deploy natural-language search on Marriott.com and in the Bonvoy app and optimize content for generative-AI technologies. Hyatt’s main booking site now explicitly promotes AI-powered search, indicating that natural-language discovery is becoming part of the booking interface rather than a side experiment.

Chatbots are no longer hypothetical either. Leonardo Hotels reported 281,000 conversations, 93% automation, and 14,000 hours saved through HiJiffy in 2023. GHT Hotels reported that its AI booking assistant solved 89% of inquiries, generated €733,000 in bookings in 2024, and influenced 16% of direct website bookings. AX Hotels reported a 93% automation rate and an 86% WhatsApp open rate across the guest journey. These are vendor-supplied case studies, but they are directionally consistent with wider research that conversational AI is one of the most mature AI applications in hospitality.

Voice, AR/VR, IoT, and blockchain sit at different maturity levels. Voice assistants have a credible but narrower role. Amazon’s hospitality materials show voice can support guest-service requests, room controls, and commerce, while Mercure Hyde Park London reported a 12% increase in room-service revenue, 30% faster room-service speed, and 20% higher guest satisfaction with Alexa Smart Properties. Recent academic work also suggests voice-assistant attributes can influence hotel electronic word of mouth and online reputation. AR/VR remains strongest in pre-booking and event-sales contexts rather than mass in-stay usage; current public examples are mostly immersive virtual tours, such as Sofitel Sydney Wentworth’s virtual venue/room experience and Marriott properties offering virtual tours for meetings and weddings. Reviews of AR/VR research in tourism and hospitality show the literature is expanding, but deployment remains more selective than many early forecasts implied. IoT and connected-room capabilities are commercially more mature than AR/VR: Hilton’s Connected Room and Digital Key ecosystem shows how mobile access, streaming, and room controls can become part of the guest promise, while Hyatt’s Apple Wallet Digital Key indicates how mobile identity is becoming simpler and more native to consumer devices. Blockchain, by contrast, remains strategically interesting but commercially immature for hotel marketing. Research in 2025 emphasized its theoretical potential in bookings, loyalty, and identity, yet public case history is mixed: Winding Tree, one of the best-known travel-blockchain experiments with hotel partners, wound down in 2024, and recent academic analysis uses it as a lessons-learned failure case.

Personalization and data strategy. The future of personalization is first-party data plus permission discipline, not third-party-cookie dependence. Radisson’s Tealium case explicitly describes a move from “channel-first” to “audience-first” activation using unified guest profiles across web, mobile, and media platforms. Wyndham’s Salesforce case showed how linked reservation, loyalty, and CRM data can improve both service and commercial productivity. IHG’s 2024 Salesforce announcement is strategically significant because it made IHG the first global hospitality company to standardize on Salesforce Loyalty Management, reflecting the industry’s push to make loyalty data more actionable. Hyatt’s global choice of OPERA Cloud is also relevant because standardizing PMS and operations data is foundational for downstream audience activation. The operational message is that personalization now depends on data plumbing and identity resolution as much as on campaign design.

The privacy side is equally important. Hotels selling into the EU and California already operate under GDPR and CCPA/CPRA obligations, and the EU AI Act entered into force on August 1, 2024, with full applicability beginning on August 2, 2026, subject to phased exceptions. For hotel marketers, that means consent design, data minimization, audience governance, vendor due diligence, and AI-use transparency are no longer optional back-office issues. They are strategic enablers, because without robust consent and governance, the first-party data play weakens.

Distribution and channel strategy. The future channel mix will be more plural, not less. Hotels still need OTAs for reach, discovery, and distressed inventory, but the strategic aim is to improve the economics and retention of direct demand. Google Hotel Ads matters here because it sits closer to intent than many upper-funnel channels: Google states that hotel campaigns appear when travelers search for a hotel on Search or Maps, and Hotel Center manages rates, availability, ads, and free booking links. Travel feeds can even enrich Search ads and, in one Google support document, Google claimed up to 20% higher click-through rates for advertisers participating in the full range of travel-feed search formats. Meanwhile, the rise of AI-assisted discovery means hotels need machine-readable content, current rate/inventory feeds, structured amenity data, authoritative reviews, and brand content built for both human and AI interfaces. Marriott’s comments on optimizing content for generative AI are an early signal of where this is going.

Messaging apps are becoming a serious layer of both service and commerce. AX Hotels’ WhatsApp results and KING’s Hotels’ experience suggest that messaging matters because guests increasingly expect fast responses on channels like WhatsApp. Hotels should therefore stop treating messaging as “service only”; it can support pre-arrival conversion, upsell, check-in, and retention.

Customer experience and loyalty. Contactless and mobile have moved from differentiators to baseline expectations in many segments. Hilton reported that from January to August 2024 nearly 14.3 million Digital Keys were downloaded and more than 870,000 were shared, while 63% of travelers in its 2025 trends research said they wanted to use a digital room key. Hyatt’s Apple Wallet integration shows the next evolution: fewer app-friction steps, more device-native access. These tools matter to marketing because convenience is now part of the brand proposition and a driver of repeat choice.

Experience, sustainability, and wellness are also moving toward the center of positioning. Booking.com’s 2025 sustainability research found that traveler concern is increasingly about tourism’s impact on communities as well as the environment, and Booking Holdings said it increased the number of accommodations on its platforms with third-party sustainability certifications by 22% in 2025, contributing to more than 100 million booked room nights at certified properties. Booking.com also says third-party sustainability certification can help attract more business travelers. On wellness, the Global Wellness Institute estimates wellness tourism expenditures reached $894 billion in 2024. Six Senses, one of the clearest examples of wellness-led positioning, introduced an inaugural female-wellness program in 2025 and continues to publish concrete sustainability outputs such as plastic-bottle avoidance, composting, and in-house food production. Loyalty is broadening in parallel from room-night economics toward lifestyle, experiences, and ecosystem relevance, which is why programs such as Marriott Bonvoy Moments and hotel-retail/platform partnerships matter.

Content and creative. Short-form video, creator content, and UGC are now central to hospitality storytelling because discovery itself has become visual and social. Hyatt EAME’s TikTok campaign is a strong official case: it generated 48.3 million impressions, 7.2 million two-second views, and a 0.61% CTR, and Hyatt said it drove first bookings by new guests even without a dedicated conversion campaign. Princess Hotels & Resorts reported a TikTok ROAS of 25.74, 129 completed payments, and a 7.75% conversion rate after combining engaging creative, A/B testing, interactive add-ons, and remarketing. Skift’s 2025 work on social-media travel planning helps explain why these results matter: social is now upstream of booking behavior rather than a pure awareness channel. The future creative model is therefore less about polished brand film alone and more about a content portfolio that mixes hotel-produced assets, creator-native storytelling, guest-generated proof, and conversion-oriented retargeting. Live-commerce formats may become more relevant, especially in Asia and destination-led streaming contexts, but public hotel case evidence remains much thinner than for short-form video and messaging. Recent academic work on destination live-streaming sales confirms the topic is advancing, but it is not yet a mainstream global hotel capability.

What hotel marketers should do. In the short term, build an integrated direct-demand core: Google Hotel Ads/free booking links, AI-assisted web chat or messaging, CRM-triggered lifecycle campaigns, creator/UGC content libraries, and consistent structured property content. In the medium term, connect these capabilities to loyalty, CDP audiences, and service workflows so that messaging, search, offers, and on-property upsell use the same guest profile. In the long term, prepare for AI-agent distribution by making property content, inventory, reviews, and policies machine-readable and continuously updated. Resource implications are typically medium for metasearch and creator programs, medium to high for CRM/CDP and AI discovery infrastructure, and high for enterprise-wide personalization. Skills required include performance marketing, CRM/automation, analytics, content production, prompt design, and vendor/integration management. Public budgets are usually unspecified by brands.

Future commercialization and operating model

Revenue management and pricing. Revenue management is increasingly inseparable from marketing strategy. Recent academic work on hotel dynamic pricing continues to show that data-driven pricing is central to revenue optimization, and industry vendors are reframing RMS platforms as decision engines rather than rate calculators. The strongest current evidence is operational: Pomeroy Lodging reported that IDeaS G3 RMS delivered ROI in the first long weekend after implementation, with enough ADR lift to cover the system’s annual cost in that weekend and a 25% increase in RevPAR in the first full year at the property. IDeaS also launched a marketing-optimization capability in 2025 specifically to address the disconnect between revenue managers, who understand future periods of soft demand, and marketing teams, which often run calendar-based campaigns without that demand signal. This is where hotel marketing strategy is headed: price, pace, demand forecast, media spend, and offer design must be linked.

The forward-looking rule is that loyalty, segmentation, and yield management should shape not only price level but price packaging. Rather than broad discounting, hotels will do better with value-shaped offers by audience, length of stay, ancillary bundle, and booking window. The technology path runs from basic dynamic pricing to open pricing, segment-level offers, and eventually more individualized commercial orchestration, though hotels must stay alert to fairness, transparency, and legal risk around algorithmic pricing.

Sales and corporate or group strategy. Group, meetings, and corporate business are becoming more digital, more data-driven, and more experience-led. Cvent’s 2025 hospitality outlook emphasized hyper-personalization, AI-driven productivity, and a stronger focus on measurable relationship outcomes. Marriott’s event ecosystem continues to integrate loyalty with planning tools, while Accor said in 2025 that it was developing a global meetings-and-events booking ecosystem connected to Salesforce, initially supporting online booking for small accommodation groups and later expanding to meeting-room and seminar booking with external-channel connectivity. This matters because future MICE and group demand will be won not just through key-account relationships but through faster response times, digital RFP handling, clearer inventory/pricing visibility, and better packaging of sustainability, hybrid-support, and local-experience elements.

Hotels should also recognize that group sales content is lagging leisure content in many organizations. The strongest group marketers are increasingly using virtual tours, room/space visualizers, sustainability credentials, sample agendas, and planner-focused digital content as conversion assets, not just collateral. Marriott and Accor’s current meetings/event pages show that venue inspiration, planning tools, and event technology are already part of the sales story.

Operations and organizational change. The future hotel marketing organization will look more like a commercial platform team than a traditional marketing department. The practical reason is integration. IHG’s Google Cloud work, Salesforce loyalty standardization, and appointment of an AI-focused executive all point in the same direction: commercial advantage increasingly comes from cross-functional data and product capabilities, not from campaign heroics alone. Hyatt’s global OPERA Cloud rollout similarly shows that standardized operational data matters to guest experience, analytics, and activation. Evidence from hotel AI studies also makes clear that skills, strategy, and integration are now the main barriers to scaling AI, not awareness of the technology.

That implies three organizational changes. First, hotel companies need a shared commercial data model across marketing, revenue, sales, operations, and loyalty. Second, they need new roles or new skills in areas such as marketing operations, CDP/CRM orchestration, AI governance, experimentation, and content systems. Third, partnerships matter more than ever. Many of the strongest moves in the industry are partnerships between hotel brands and cloud, CRM, or platform providers rather than fully in-house builds.

Measurement and KPIs. Traditional hotel KPIs remain necessary but no longer sufficient. STR defines RevPAR as the industry’s gold standard for top-line performance because it combines ADR and occupancy. That is still true, but future hotel marketing measurement needs a layered scorecard. At a minimum, marketers should watch: direct-booking share, contribution margin by channel, CAC, LTV/CAC, repeat-booking rate, loyalty enrollment and actives, RevPAR, ADR, qualified traffic from metasearch/search/social, chatbot-assisted conversion, ancillary revenue per occupied room, group-RFP response time, group conversion rate, and sustainability or service indicators tied to repeat intent.

Attribution should also mature. In a world where inspiration may start on TikTok, validation happens on Google/Maps/reviews, booking happens direct or through metasearch, and service happens in-app or through messaging, last-click attribution is too narrow. Hotels should therefore combine channel P&L views, holdout tests, incrementality experiments, CRM cohort analysis, and, where scale permits, marketing-mix modeling. IDeaS’ 2025 marketing-optimization product is notable precisely because it recognized that marketing timing should respond to forecasted need periods rather than to fixed seasonal calendars.

Risks and regulatory considerations. Data privacy, AI governance, greenwashing, and algorithmic-pricing risk are no longer side topics. GDPR and CCPA/CPRA shape consent, profiling, and consumer rights today, while the EU AI Act’s phased implementation makes documentation, transparency, and risk classification more relevant to hotel uses of AI, especially where AI influences profiling, automated communication, or high-stakes decision support. On sustainability claims, the FTC’s Green Guides remain the key U.S. benchmark for avoiding deceptive environmental marketing, and the EU’s Empowering Consumers for the Green Transition directive tightens the environment for vague green claims. Meanwhile, the U.S. Department of Justice’s support for consumers in the Las Vegas hotel pricing case shows that algorithmic pricing and shared-data practices can create antitrust exposure. Hotels should assume that future scrutiny will examine not only the prices they set, but also the data-sharing and algorithmic processes behind those prices.

What hotel marketers should do. In the short term, connect marketing calendars to revenue-need periods, improve channel profitability reporting, and set AI/privacy governance rules before scaling automation. In the medium term, digitalize group sales workflows, standardize commercial data definitions, and create a shared data-and-offers council spanning marketing, revenue, sales, and operations. In the long term, move toward a unified commercial operating model with joint ownership of forecast, inventory, audience, offer, and experience metrics. Resource implications are medium for KPI redesign and governance, medium to high for sales-tech modernization, and high to very high for full-stack operating-model convergence. Skills required include revenue management, analytics engineering, martech architecture, legal/privacy collaboration, and commercial leadership. Public enterprise transformation budgets are typically unspecified.

Comparative view of tactics and technologies

The table below synthesizes planning estimates for impact, cost, time-to-value, skills, and risk. The ratings are judgment-based, but the evidence column shows the case material behind the assessment.

Tactic or technology Likely impact Indicative cost band Typical time to value Required skills Key risks Evidence basis
First-party data foundation with CRM or CDP Very high for repeat demand, loyalty, personalization, and media efficiency High 6–12 months CRM, data engineering, consent management, analytics Privacy/compliance failure; integration complexity Radisson’s audience-first CDP approach; Wyndham Data Cloud; IHG loyalty standardization.
GenAI search on site or app High for higher-intent discovery and better zero-click resilience Medium to high 2–6 months Product, UX, content architecture, prompt design Hallucinations, poor answers, brand inconsistency IHG app planner; Marriott gen-AI search and broader natural-language rollout.
AI webchat or messaging automation High for response speed, direct conversion, and service efficiency Medium 4–12 weeks Knowledge-base design, guest communications, QA Wrong answers; service over-automation Leonardo Hotels, GHT Hotels, AX Hotels.
Google Hotel Ads plus free booking links High for direct-intent capture Medium 2–8 weeks Paid search, feed management, attribution Channel conflict; poor price parity; weak landing pages Google hotel campaigns and Hotel Center documentation.
Creator, UGC, and short-form video program High for top- and mid-funnel discovery, especially among younger travelers Low to medium 4–10 weeks Social strategy, creator management, editing, community moderation Weak disclosure, off-brand creators, vanity metrics Hyatt EAME TikTok; Princess Hotels TikTok; Skift social-travel research.
Mobile key and contactless journey Medium to high for loyalty, satisfaction, and labor efficiency Medium to high 3–9 months App, PMS/lock integration, CX design Infrastructure friction; uneven property readiness Hilton Digital Key and Hyatt Apple Wallet key.
RMS dynamic pricing with marketing integration Very high for ADR, RevPAR, and profit discipline Medium to high 2–6 months Revenue management, forecasting, analytics, commercial coordination Overreliance on black-box recommendations; legal scrutiny if data sharing is careless Pomeroy/IDeaS case; academic dynamic-pricing work; IDeaS marketing optimization.
Virtual tours for leisure and group sales Medium for conversion support and group-sales acceleration Low to medium 4–8 weeks Visual production, event-sales enablement, web ops Low usage if not embedded into the sales flow Sofitel Sydney Wentworth and Marriott/W property examples; AR/VR literature.

Three-year roadmap

The roadmap below assumes a phased transformation beginning in the second half of 2026. The sequencing reflects the evidence that data foundation, direct-demand capture, and revenue-marketing integration produce the most reliable near-term returns, while more ambitious AI, sales-tech, and cross-functional operating-model changes require stronger foundations.

Jul 2026Oct 2026Jan 2027Apr 2027Jul 2027Oct 2027Jan 2028Apr 2028Jul 2028Oct 2028Jan 2029Apr 2029Jul 2029Consent, data audit, KPI baselineDirect-booking funnel fixes and metasearch launchMartech and PMS integration designAI chat or messaging pilotCreator, UGC, and short-form video programLoyalty-triggered CRM automationPilot ROI reviewCDP or unified guest-profile deploymentRMS and marketing-calendar integrationGroup-sales digitization and virtual venue assetsMobile key, contactless, and upsell orchestrationData and CRM foundation liveSustainability and wellness proposition redesignPersonalization by segment and stay purposeRevenue and marketing fully connectedAI-ready content and structured inventory programAgentic-search optimization and testingUnified commercial operating model rolloutUnified commercial model at scaleFoundationQuick winsCommercial integrationExperience layerFuture readinessMilestonesThree-year hotel marketing transformation roadmap
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Recommendations and open questions

The most defensible strategy for hotel marketers is to prioritize owned demand, connected data, measurable convenience, and AI-ready discoverability. Specifically, hotels should treat first-party data and consent architecture as the strategic base layer; build direct-demand capture around Google Hotel Ads, free booking links, conversion-focused websites, and messaging; use creator-native short-form content to win attention upstream; integrate marketing with revenue need periods rather than relying on blanket discounts; and redesign loyalty so that it powers service, personalization, and experiences rather than only points accrual. These recommendations align with the strongest post-2023 evidence from IHG, Marriott, Hyatt, Hilton, Radisson, Wyndham, TikTok hospitality case studies, and RMS deployments.

For a short-term agenda, the most practical package is: fix direct-booking friction, launch or improve metasearch, deploy AI chat or WhatsApp, centralize core guest data in CRM, and build a repeatable short-form/UGC workflow. For a medium-term agenda, the most important moves are CDP or guest-profile unification, RMS-marketing coordination, group-sales digitization, and mobile/contactless experience linkage to loyalty. For a long-term agenda, hotels should prepare for AI-mediated discovery and agentic booking by investing in structured content, inventory accuracy, richer review and amenity data, and a unified commercial team spanning marketing, revenue, sales, operations, and loyalty.

A final caution is important. The industry is tempted by every emerging technology, but the evidence supports a strict priority order. Invest now in first-party data, AI-assisted service and search, direct booking, social/creator content, and pricing integration. Pilot selectively in voice, virtual tours, and live-commerce-like experiences where they solve a concrete sales problem. Watch, but do not overinvest yet, in blockchain-led marketing propositions unless there is a very specific payments, identity, or loyalty use case with direct commercial value.

Open questions and limitations. Public cost data for hotel martech, CDPs, RMS platforms, and AI deployments is usually not disclosed, so budget estimates in this report are indicative rather than benchmarked against published price sheets. Public case evidence for hotel blockchain and hotel live-commerce deployments remains limited compared with AI chat, CRM, metasearch, and mobile/contactless cases. Some of the measurable case examples used here come from vendors or platform partners and should therefore be read as directional evidence rather than neutral third-party audits. Core market and regulatory context, however, is grounded in official or primary sources including UN Tourism, AHLA, Google, Marriott, IHG, Hilton, Hyatt, Booking.com, the EU, FTC, CoStar/STR, and recent academic literature.